In studying mythemes and mystic schemes before the Enlightenment, it is
striking how central and standard Ptolemaic earth-centered cosmology is, as a
clear schematic reference system. In Western esotericism, the standard
triumvirate of esoteric thematic systems is magic, alchemy, and astrology.
Of these esoteric thematic areas, astrology clearly serves as the reliable
structured backbone, into which were tied countless ideas such as lower and
divine kingship, inferior and superior Aeons, lower and higher Aeons/realms,
earlier and later Aeons/eras, demons and angels, earthly light and divine
light, impurity and purification, underworld and divine world, and so on.
When investigating whether Jesus was purely mythic-only, and revising
Christian origins, it is required that we *recognize* where words were framed
against the implicit shared cultural ideas of earth-centered cosmology, which
was inherently a mystic-metaphorical scheme. Failure to recognize references
to this standard mystic cosmology when reading early Christian-related texts
and art would amount to failure to perceive and recognize the basic cultural
context of Christian origins, and is bound to result in misreading or an
incomplete reading.
Modern scholars often don’t bring Ptolemaic mystic cosmology into their
reading, but need to. The recognized fact that the Jesus figure was conceived
often in terms of the standard earth-centered mystic cosmology does not
constitute proof that Jesus was strictly, solely, exclusively mythic — but
understanding the basic earth-centered mystic cosmological system it is
required in order to be able to basically read and understand the texts, and
understand how the early Christian thinking understood the mystic aspects of
the Jesus figure.
When asking whether Jesus was only mythic, the most elementary ability
required is the ability to read the mythic aspects of the accounts of the
Jesus figure as the ancient or pre-Enlightenment Western spiritual thinking
read them. Otherwise, when moderns ask “Was Jesus only mythic?”, they would
not even be in the right ballpark to really begin asking the question and
investigating what ideational components the myth consisted of for its
audience.
An attempt to evaluate Christian origins and context that lacks comprehension
of astral ascent mysticism (= Ptolemaic cosmology) can’t possibly get far, and
is bound to founder upon encountering tie-ins to this standardized mystic
cosmology, which is a truly key part of the cultural context of early
Christian thinking. The Ptolemaic cosmology is shown in diagrams in countless
books about Hermeticism, alchemy, astrology, Zodiac, and Western esotericism.
Although this system is Earth-centric, in a way, the sphere of the fixed stars
is truly most central within the dramatic saga of astral ascent: it is the
central climactic reference point: reaching the state of realizing heimarmene,
then transcending it. Luther Martin’s book Hellenistic Religion serves to
point out the centrality of grappling with heimarmene to the mystery
religions.
Hellenistic Religions: An Introduction
Luther Martin
http://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/019504391X
In the earth-centric mystic cosmology, all stars are held to be the same
distance from the Earth, forming a sphere, which we can then talk of
travelling beyond or outside of — in contrast to today’s non-centered
cosmology, in which space is filled with widely distributed stars not arranged
in a sphere; we can travel among the stars but it is nearly meaningless to
talk of travelling “beyond the stars”, unless we have in mind travelling so
far so fast, as through a wormhole dumping out beyond the farthest star, we go
farther than the big bang-propelled expanding clump of star-matter.
We need to be much more careful and avoid talking too casually about aliens
*from* the stars, or ascending *to the starry heavens*, or divinity residing
*in the stars* — because the stars were held to be merely the outer eggshell
of the lower world, a shell that was only slightly divine; divinity was held
to be located specifically *outside* and *beyond* the stars, not *in* the
stars or *from* the stars.
Adherents to the earth-centered mystic cosmology would read our supposedly
elevated expressions as a monstrous confused worship of the lower realm as
though it were the higher realm: the stars defined the realm, the
heimarmene-governed prison, from which one desires to escape and be freed and
released — the very opposite of how modern thinking conceives of the stars as
emancipation from the world. For the pre-moderns, the stars *are* “the
world”, and are the outer boundary precisely defining what “the world” is.
Earth-centered cosmology was a cosmology that existed for the purpose of
postulating a realm outside and beyond the stars; its very existence, purpose,
and goal was to provide an *alternative* to the stars — the opposite of our
assumption that the stars are the goal.
The modern spirituality (such as 1970s) which includes the non-centered
cosmology tends to consider the Earth the problem and starting point, and the
stars the solution and goal; whereas the pre-modern spirituality which
centrally included the Earth-centered cosmology considered the realm of the
stars as the problem and somewhat of a starting point, with the heavens beyond
the sphere of the stars as the solution and goal.
So our modern concept of Heaven is hazy in location: before the Enlightenment,
when the earth-centered cosmology was more popular and respected than the
sun-centered cosmology, Heaven used to have its clear place: it was precisely
located and defined as the realm beyond and outside of the sphere of the fixed
stars, outside the kingdom-realm ruled by Heimarmene (Fate, Necessity, cosmic
determinism, astral determinism).
Here is my most simplified representation:
Divine heavens = transcendence of heimarmene
Fixed stars = heimarmene/fate/cosmic determinism
Earth and planets = ignorance of heimarmene
Here is my somewhat simplified representation:
Divine heavens
Fixed stars
Slow planets
Sun
Fast planets
Moon
Earth
Underworld
Here is the full system, though more details can be added:
Unknowable god
Third heaven
Second heaven
First heaven
Fixed stars
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Sun
Venus
Mercury
Moon
Fire
Air
Earth
Water
Underworld
The winds were apparently important too, somewhere in this system in some
transcendent way. Outside the sphere of the fixed stars is supernal light and
supernal winds.
The moon was sometimes associated with descent, and the sun with ascent, as in
the article “At the Seizure of the Moon: The Absence of the Moon in the
Mithras Liturgy in the book Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and
Late Antique World.
Schemes of descent and ascent, as described in Freke & Gandy’s book Jesus and
the Goddess, were framed in reference to this Ptolemaic mystic reference
system. There are multiple distinct yet commonly related schemes of descent
and ascent. One main theme is the mystic-experiencing series of:
1. Start from earth.
2. Ascend, as a self-willing autonomous agent, to poke head through the sphere
of fixed stars into the heavens.
3. Cast out violently from the heavens, as one who is currently too impure.
4. Thrown down to the underworld prison.
5. Cry out for help.
6. Lifted up by divine helping powers, not primarily one’s own will-propelled
power, up once again to the heavens above the fixed stars, now purified and
divinized — though the mortal portion of one’s psyche remains down in the
underworld.
Fragments of this scheme are clearly and provably present throughout the books
on Western esotericism, but the latter systematization is not yet laid out
clearly in the books. Instead, the following system is laid out fairly
clearly in books about Gnosticism:
1. Start from heavens.
2. The Fall: Descend through the spheres to earth.
3. Re-ascend to heavenly home.
Both of these numbered schemes are presented against the Ptolemaic backdrop
and can therefore largely be considered equivalent.
All sorts of mythemes were tied into the earth-centered mystic cosmology, such
as virtually a doctrine of two crowns: the lower, inferior, mortal kingly
crown the person falsely wears prior to initiation, and the higher,
imperishable divine kingly crown the person wears after initiation; we must
sacrifice and reject the lower king aspect of the psyche, to allow the higher
king aspect of the psyche to manifest. Jesus dies as rebel king of the Jews
on the cross, but then ascends to the heavens, by tearing through the sphere
of the fixed stars, to reign in the midst of the divine throne of God.
In Mithraism, the initiate rejects a crown, and is eventually crowned upon
completion/perfection/immortalization: the initial crown they reject is the
lower, false crown of personal autonomous sovereignty; the later crown they
accept is the higher, true, divinized crown which includes the understanding
that personal autonomous sovereignty is essentially illusory and only a lower,
secondary level of steersmanship (kingship, kubernetes, power of governing,
charioteer).
Isis (who became Virgin Mary, Queen of Heaven, Star of the Sea, Mother of God,
Theotokos, God-bearer/God-birther), like the Jewish and Christian God and like
Mithras, was held to be super-naturally independent of heimarmene, independent
of the secret, invisible (but mystically revealed) prison of cosmic
determinism, and actually reigning over that realm of the Fates.
Divinity was held to reside outside the sphere of the fixed stars, as
described in the discussion of Isis’ power over Fate and power of bringing the
initiate into and through the series of initiations, in Apuleius’ ancient
comic/mystic novel The Golden Ass: The Transformations of Lucius. See Nicole
Denzey’s article “A New Star on the Horizon: Astral Christologies and Stellar
Debates in Early Christian Discourse” in the book Prayer, Magic, and the
Stars.
Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World
Scott Noegel, Joel Walker, Brannon Wheeler (editors)
http://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/0271022582
Ancient Astrology (Sciences of Antiquity Series)
Tamsyn Barton
http://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/0415110297
Shows how heimarmene, Fate, or cosmic determinism was the central idea of
astrology, and that divine rulers were held to be destined by heimarmene to
rule over heimarmene and over the determinism-controlled world.
This elementary and basic comprehension of standard pre-Enlightenment,
earth-centered mystic cosmology is required, to enable reading and
understanding the writings about Jesus, and therefore allows intelligently and
appropriately addressing the question against its actual assumed cultural
backdrop and context for the intended audience of the writings, of whether
Jesus was strictly and exclusively such a mythic figure, or whether he was
both a mythic figure and a single uniquely identifiable historical individual
who actually existed in a meaningful sense (as opposed to being merely a
generalization of a type of several actual individuals).
For comparison, imagine if the late modern era had a fairly standardized
systematic scheme of expressing ideas about divinely transcending determinism
in the mystic state of consciousness, expressed in terms of black holes, outer
space exploration, quantum mechanics, the big bang, time travel, and
higher-dimensional voyaging. A clear example of this is the Heavy Rock song
Cygnus X-I, by a mysticism-oriented lyricist, about travelling to and being
pulled into a black hole, losing control, and yet continuing to live but in a
changed form — then picture this space traveller as the way-shower and
transcendent rescuer/redeemer of those who follow, repeating that journey.
http://www.google.com/search?q=%22cygnus+x-1%22+lyrics (to beware of scumware
installing itself, I click “Cached”)
Another lyric example of modern mystic cosmological-voyaging poetry is the
song Space Oddity, in which the astronaut — star-traveller — ingests pills
and dons a helmet, is sent off from ground control with God’s love, counts
down to blast-off, daringly leaves the space capsule, steps through the door,
floats peculiarly, sees the stars differently, travels far above the
world/moon/womb,
sees the planet earth as blue (depressed? through/finished?), the astronaut is
helpless, his circuit dies and something seems to be wrong.
http://www.google.com/search?q=%22space+oddity%22+lyrics (to beware of
scumware installing itself, I click “Cached”)
Now imagine such a non-centered space-travel system, conception, and focus as
the taken-for-granted backdrop and cultural context of shared, assumed
meaning, and imagine a new religion that seeks to put together a modified
version of many existing religious and philosophical components that were all
tied into this shared scheme of understanding. This gives some idea of how
central the earth-centered mystic cosmology is throughout the early
Christian-related texts: understanding and recognizing allusions to this
cosmology is a matter of basic literacy for being able to read early
Christian-era writings.